atomic weight – Jupiter Broadcasting https://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com Open Source Entertainment, on Demand. Mon, 22 Feb 2016 02:48:24 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=5.5.3 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/cropped-favicon-32x32.png atomic weight – Jupiter Broadcasting https://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com 32 32 Exoplanet Clouds & Updates | SciByte 105 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/44732/exoplanet-clouds-updates-scibyte-105/ Tue, 15 Oct 2013 20:30:50 +0000 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/?p=44732 We take a look at exoplanetary clouds, updating atomic weights, plastic on Saturns moon, viewer feedback, story and spacecraft updates, and more!

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We take a look at exoplanetary clouds, updating atomic weights, plastic on Saturn\’s moon, viewer feedback, story and spacecraft updates, Curiosity news, and as always take a peek back into history and up in the sky this week.

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— Show Notes —

Exoplanet Clouds

  • Astronomers using data from NASA\’s Kepler and Spitzer space telescopes have created the first cloud map of a planet known as Kepler-7b
  • Kepler-7b
  • One of the first five planets to be confirmed by NASA\’s Kepler spacecraft, and was confirmed in the first 33.5 days of Kepler\’s science operations
  • Kepler-7b is a hot Jupiter that is about half the mass of Jupiter, but is nearly 1.5 times its size, and orbits its star every five days
  • Previous observations of Kepler-7b revealed that it could float on water
  • Temperature and Light Data
  • Kepler\’s visible-light observations of Kepler-7b\’s moon-like phases led to a rough map of the planet that showed a bright spot on its western hemisphere
  • That data was not enough on its own to decipher whether the bright spot was coming from clouds or heat
  • Spitzer can fix its gaze at a star system as a planet orbits around the star, gathering clues about the planet\’s atmosphere
  • Spitzer\’s ability to detect infrared light means it was able to measure Kepler-7b\’s temperature, estimating it to be between 1,500 and 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit (1,100 and 1,300 Kelvin).
  • What the Temperature and Lights Measurements Mean
  • Those measurements are relatively cool for a planet that orbits so close to its star, within 0.06 astronomical units (one astronomical unit is the distance from Earth and the sun)
  • The measurements are also too cool to be the source of light Kepler observed.
  • Astronomers don\’t expect to see oceans or continents on this type of world, but they do detected a clear, reflective signature that they interpreted as clouds
  • What it All Means
  • By observing Kepler-7b with Spitzer and Kepler for more than three years, scientists were able to produce a very low-resolution \’map\’ of this giant, gaseous planet
  • Astronomers determined that light from the planet\’s star is bouncing off cloud tops located on the west side of the planet.
  • The patterns on this planet do not seem to change much over time, indicating it has a remarkably stable climate
  • The Future
  • Combining Spitzer and Kepler data together offers scientists with a multi-wavelength tool for getting a good look at exoplanets
  • This is bringing advancements to exoplanet science, moving beyond just detecting exoplanets, and into the exciting science of understanding them
  • 3D Visualization Tool
  • A fully rendered tool, available for download at eyes.nasa.gov/exoplanets
  • The program is updated daily with the latest findings from NASA\’s Kepler mission and ground-based observatories around the world as they search for planets
  • Also Pointed Out By
  • Paul Hill ‏@P_H_9_3 on Twitter
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • NASA Space Telescopes Find Patchy Clouds on Exotic World – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory | jpl.nasa.gov
  • Clouds On Alien Planet Mapped for 1st Time | Space.com

— NEWS BYTE —

Updating Atomic Weights

  • The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, has changed the official atomic weights of 19 elements
  • Atomic Weights
  • Every atom of an element, silver for example, has the same number of protons
  • Silver has 47, but not every atom of an element necessarily has the same number of neutrons
  • Different versions of an element\’s atoms are called isotopes, Silver occurs as silver-109 and silver-107
  • Chemists calculate the atomic weight of an element that you see on the periodic table from the masses of its isotopes, giving more common isotopes more weight than less common isotopes
  • This doesn\’t necessarily mean every sample of silver on Earth has an atomic weight of exactly
  • Samples of elements vary from place to place, and the differences play an important role in many sciences
  • The differences help chemists trace the origin of different materials and help date archaeological findings
  • Not a Big a Deal, But Why Do It?
  • The latest atomic weights measurements differ too little from their predecessors to really change science
  • The changes in weights mostly come from continuing improvements in atomic mass measurements thanks to advances in the technology behind mass spectrometers
  • They can also change how they view the number of isotopes an element has
  • For example, the IUPAC had previously thought that thorium-230 was too rare to include in atomic weight calculations, they now recognize it
  • The last time international chemistry really altered the periodic table was in 2009, when IUPAC decided to list the atomic weights of some elements as ranges, instead of single numbers
  • The Changes
  • Atomic weights are relative, so they don\’t have units
  • Molybdenum, Losing 0.0122
  • Thorium, Losing 0.000322
  • Yttrium and Niobium, Tied, Losing 0.00001
  • Selenium, Gaining 0.0088
  • Cadmium, Gaining 0.0026
  • Holmium, Thulium and Praseodymium, all Gaining 0.00001
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • Chemistry\’s Biggest Loser: Official Atomic Weights Change For 19 Elements | Popular Science
  • Periodic Table of the Elements | chemistry.about.com

— TWO-BYTE NEWS —

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

Plastic in Titan’s Clouds?

  • An essential chemical used in the creation of plastic on Earth has been found in Saturn\’s largest moon, Titan
  • Scientists used Cassini\’s composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) instrument, which measures infrared light given off by Saturn and its moon, made the discovery
  • Cassini Measures Propylene
  • NASA\’s Cassini spacecraft currently orbiting Saturn, found that the atmosphere of Titan contains propylene
  • Propylene is a key ingredient of plastic containers, car bumpers and other everyday items on Earth
  • Strung together in long chains it can form a plastic called polypropylene
  • Helps Explain Voyager 1 Data
  • This helps answer a decades old question
  • When Voyager 1 conducted the first close flyby of the moon in 1980, it recognized gasses in the moon\’s brown atmosphere as hydrocarbons.
  • Those measurement were very difficult to make because propylene weak signature is crowded by related chemicals with much stronger signals
  • Multimedia
  • YouTube Clip | Plastic Moon: Propylene Detected On Titan | VideoFromSpace
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • [NASA Finds Ingredient for Plastic on Saturn\’s Moon Titan | Space.com](NASA Finds Ingredient for Plastic on Saturn\’s Moon Titan | Space.com)

Now There Are Robots Who Run …

— VIEWER FEEDBACK —

Ice Cap Growing/Shrinking?

  • Nogal
  • In the chat room I brought up the fact that the ice caps have been growing, yet everyone called me a nut
  • Sorry, Staying Away From Hot Button Issues
  • First SciByte will neither agree or disagree with a highly hot button issue
  • Some studies can be made to agree in either direction you feel
  • There are studies that say the area of the Antarctic polar cap is expanding while the Arctic is decreasing
  • There are also studies arguing about the thickness of both polar sheets
  • Adding to the confusion and arguments is an article from National Snow and Ice Data Center showing significant shrinking of the area of the polar cap actually had an error
  • In addition there are arguments about global heating/cooling/climate change over what time span and comparing to historical data
  • For issues such as this it is important to find data from as impartial sources as you can, and to also look at the data that argues against how you feel

Food Science

  • Matt
  • Have you ever considered doing an episode on some of Chris\’ beliefs about nutrition and food?
  • Sorry, Staying Away From Some Food Health Science
  • While I might talk about what science is saying about how food interacts with the human body I’m not a dietician or a medical doctor so I’m going to stay away from dietary issue
  • Studies that talk about how one specific thing affects how interacts with your well being and health I view as somewhat bordering on fuzzy science
  • There are so many things that can affect your health it is hard to say anything specific about the general population
  • There are also many people with restrictive diets because of allergies or sensitivities that restrict diets that only affect specific portions of the population

— Updates —

Comet ISON

— SPACECRAFT UPDATE—

Private Space Travel – Orbital Science & SpaceX

  • Orbital Science – Cygnus Spacecraft
  • The Cygnus spacecraft initial docking was delayed a week due to an easily fixed communications glitch
  • After docking, the hatches to Cygnus opened on Monday, Sept. 30 after completing leak checks
  • Cygnus delivers about 1,300 pounds (589 kilograms) of cargo, including food, clothing, water, science experiments, spare parts and gear to the Expedition 37 crew
  • SpaceX
  • Also on Sept 29 the Next Generation commercial SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket had its demonstration test flight
  • SpaceX Falcon 9 blasted off from Space Launch Complex 4 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California
  • They deployed Canada’s 1,060 pound (481 kg) Cascade, Smallsat, and Ionospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) weather satellite and several additional small satellites.
  • Private Space Travel
  • Both Cygnus and Falcon 9 were developed with seed money from NASA in a pair of public-private partnerships between NASA and Orbital Sciences and SpaceX
  • With Orbital science\’s successful delivery there are now two commercial partner\’s with the ability to deliver supplies to the ISS
  • Multimedia
  • YouTube Clip Cygnus Spacecraft Captured By Space Station | videoFromSpace
  • YouTube | [SpaceX] Launch of Inaugural Falcon 9 v1.1 Rocket with Cassiope! | SpaceVidsNet
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • Doubly Historic Day for Private Space: Cygnus docks at Station & Next Gen Falcon 9 Soars | UniverseToday.com

Opportunity

  • Planning the Path to Prepare for Winter
  • The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) recently succeeded in collecting “really interesting” new high resolution survey scans of Solander Point
  • The new CRISM spectrometer survey from Mars orbit will vastly improve the spectral resolution – from 18 meters per pixel down to 5 meters per pixel
  • It will take some time, a few weeks, to review and interpret the new spectral data from the MRO and decide on a course of action
  • The new MRO data are crucial for targeting the rover’s driving in coming months.
  • Solander Point
  • Opportunity rover has begun the ascent of Solander Point, the first mountain she will ever climb
  • Solander Point is an eroded ridge located along the western rim of huge Endeavour Crater where Opportunity is currently located
  • Another important point about ‘Solander Point’ is that it also offers northerly tilted slopes that will maximize the power generation during Opportunity’s six month winter
  • Recent Science
  • The rover recently investigated an outcrop target called ‘Poverty Bush’.
  • The 3 foot long (1 meter) robotic arm was deployed and the rover collected photos with the Microscopic Imager (MI)
  • They collected several days of spectral measurements with the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS).
  • What is interesting about this location is that there are several geologic units that are overlapping and Opportunity is sitting on the contact
  • The east side of the contact are rocks maybe a billion years older than those on the west side of the contact
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • Opportunity Scaling Solander Mountain Searching for Science and Sun | UniverseToday.com

— CURIOSITY UPDATE —

  • More Autonomy
  • Curiosity has now used a new technique, in placement of the tool-bearing turret on its robotic arm
  • The technique, called proximity placement, uses the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) as if it were a radar for assessing how close the instrument is to a soil or rock surface
  • The rover can then interpret the data and autonomously move the turret closer if it is not yet close enough
  • This will enable placement of the instrument much closer to soil targets than would have been feasible without risk of touching the sensor head to loose soil
  • It will also save extra days of having team members check the data and command arm movement in response
  • Multimedia
  • Image Galleries at JPL and Curiosity Mulimedia
  • Social Media
  • Curiosity Rover @MarsCuriosity
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • Mars Science Laboratory: Images | mars.jpl.nasa.gov

SCIENCE CALENDAR

Looking back

  • October, 18 1989 : 24 years ago : Jupiter orbiter Galileo launched
     : The Galileo space orbiter was released from the STS 34 flight of the Atlantis orbiter. Then the orbiter\’s inertial upper stage rocket pushed it into a course through the inner solar system. The craft gained speed from gravity assists in encounters with Venus and Earth before heading outward to Jupiter. During its six year journey to Jupiter, Galileo\’s instruments made interplanetary studies, using its dust detector, magnetometer, and various plasma and particles detectors. It also made close-up studies of two asteroids, Gaspra and Ida in the asteroid belt. The Galileo orbiter\’s primary mission was to study Jupiter, its satellites, and its magnetosphere for two years. It released an atmospheric probe into Jupiter\’s atmosphere on 7 Dec 1995.
  • Galileo Spacecraft Website | NASA

Looking up this week

<img src=\”https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISON_Comet_captured_by_HST%2C_April_10-11%2C_2013.jpg/250px-ISON_Comet_captured_by_HST%2C_April_10-11%2C_2013.jpg” width=250 align=right>

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]]> The Periodic Table | SciByte 10 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/10897/the-periodic-table-scibyte-10/ Wed, 03 Aug 2011 20:06:58 +0000 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/?p=10897 We take a look at the periodic table, how to read it, what some of those crazy little numbers mean, and why it’s laid out the way it is.

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This week on SciByte …
We take a look at the periodic table, how to read it, what some of those crazy little numbers mean, and why it’s laid out the way it is. We also take a look at where an element is on the table affects how an element interacts with other elements.
All that and more, on SciByte!

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Show Notes:

Origins to the concept of the atom
  • We know that all atoms are composed of a given set of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These particles have definite arrangements for any given element.
  • The earliest known concept of the atom came from the Greek philosopher/scientists Leucippus and his student Democritus nearly 2500 years ago!!! (~460 – 370 BCE)
    • Democritus and Leucippus : Thought of the world as being composed of very tiny “uncuttable” particles, which they called “atomoz” or atoms, he also explained differences in materials as caused by differences in the sizes of the particles and the amount of empty space between them.
  • Aristotle argued persuasively against the concept of atoms and thought the earth was composed of matter, which he believed was made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. He said that different types of matter as arising from the proportion, form, and qualities of the four basic elements that each type of matter contained.
  • The concept of atoms wasn’t widely accepted again until the early 1800’s
    • John Dalton used the concept of the atom to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers and why certain gases dissolve better in water than others to provide the earliest empirical evidence of Atoms ~1808-1810
  • Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined using Hydrogen as the basic unit
    • He did not take into effect that some elements atoms exist in molecules (like pure oxygen exists as O2)
    • He also falsely believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each (so he thought water was HO, not H2O).
  • The flaws in Daltons theories were corrected in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro who had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases, at equal temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules
    • Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements, and firmly established the distinction between molecules and atoms
What are Protons again?
  • Protons are positively charged particles, weighing 1 atomic mass unit and located in the nucleus.
    • 1 atomic mass unit ~= 0.00000000000000000000000167 grams)
    • Symbol(s) : p, p+, N+
What about Neutrons?
  • Neutrons are neutrally charged particles, weighing approximately 1 atomic mass unit and located in the nucleus.
    • 1 atomic mass unit ~= 0.00000000000000000000000167 grams)
    • Symbol(s) : n, n0, N0
Don’t forget about Electrons!
  • Electrons are negatively charged particles weighing zero atomic mass units and located in the various orbitals of the energy levels outside the atomic nucleus.
  • It would take about 1,830 electrons to equal the mass of one proton.
    • 1 electron mass ~= 0.000000000000000000000000000911 grams)
    • Symbol(s) : e–, β
The origins of the ‘Table’
  • In about 1868 a Russian scientist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the 60 elements known at that time in order of each element’s increasing mass.
  • Mendeleev was able to see a periodicity in the other characteristics of the elements. PIC : Mendeleev’s original table
Wait … periodicity, like in Periodic Table?
  • Periodicity the tendency to show a regular repeating pattern, being regularly recurrent or having periods.
  • While laying the elements that he knew out Mendeleev left blank spaces, believing that there should be undiscovered elements, and actually predicted some of the properties of those elements based on their position in his table.
  • However lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticized and his ideas were not accepted.
A new way to order the elements
  • In 1913, Henry Moseley was studying atomic structure and helped determine atomic numbers for chemical elements.
  • Ordering the elements by atomic number, the number of protons, instead of by weight, allowed the few problems Mendeleev’s table to disappear.
Periodic Table : Symbols
  • It may be either one capital letter or a combination of one capital and one lowercase letter.
  • The letter(s) usually have something to do with some form of the name of the element
  • Some are very easy to figure out, like H for hydrogen or O for oxygen. Others refer to older names for the element in different languages like Greek or Latin.
    • Gold : Aurum : Au
    • Sodium : Natrium : Na
    • Iron : Ferrum : Fe
    • Copper : Cuprum : Cu
    • Silver : Argent : Ag
    • Tin : Stannum : Sn
    • Antimony : Stibnum : Sb
    • Tungsten : Wolfram : W
    • Mercury : Hydrargyrum (liquid silver) : Hg
    • Lead : Plumbum : Pb
Periodic Table : Atomic Number
  • Atomic number : equal to the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.
  • The integer, whole number, in some part of the box. This is the atomic number of the element.
    • Recall that atomic number represents the number of protons found in the nucleus
  • The atomic number or number of protons in the nucleus that determines what element you are working with.
    • Adding a proton to a Carbon atom gets you Nitrogen
    • Taking a proton from a Calcium atom gets you Potassium
Periodic Table : Atomic Weight
  • Since the heaviest naturally occurring element has only 92 electrons in its normal state, we do not count the mass of the electrons in calculating the weight of the atom. [PIC : Electron / Proton / Neutron Weights Comparison]
    • It would take about 1,830 electrons to equal the mass of one proton.
  • It is also the average of all the masses of all the isotopes of that particular atom, calculated according to the actual abundance of the isotope.
What are Isotopes?
  • An isotope is one particular form an atom of an element might take
  • The mass of an atom is determined by adding the number of protons to the number of neutrons in the nucleus
  • Since the atoms of an element must have the same number of protons, the only thing that can vary to cause this change is the number of neutrons.
An Isotope Example : Averaging Carbon Isotope weights
  • There are three basic isotopes (forms) of carbon.
  • The most common form has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. It is known as carbon-12, to designate the mass of the six protons plus the six neutrons.
    • Carbon-12 makes up 98.89% of carbon
  • There is an extremely rare isotope of carbon known as carbon-13. This form has six protons, six electrons, and seven neutrons. Therefore, its atomic mass number would be 13.
    • Carbon-13 makes up 1.11% of carbon
  • The least common, radioactive form of carbon is carbon-14. Carbon-14 contains six protons, six electrons, and eight neutrons per atom.
    • Carbon-14 makes up 0.01% of carbon
  • Therefore to calculate the average isotopic weight of Carbon we multiply the weight of each one by the percentage it makes up and add them all together
    • Carbon-12 : 12 * 0.9889 = 11.8668
    • Carbon-13 : 13 * 0.0111 = 0.1443
    • Carbon-14 : 14 * 0.0001 = 0.0014
    • Carbon-12 + Carbon-13 + Carbon-14 11.8668 + 0.1443 + 0.0014 = 12.0107
Carbon-14 … like in Carbon Dating?
  • Yes, Carbon-14 is an unstable radioactive isotope
  • As an unstable element, when a living object is removed from the living ecosystem a neutron can ‘decay’ into a proton
    • Like when a tree dies or gets cuts down
  • When one of the neutrons ‘decays’ into a proton the atom becomes Nitrogen, and this happens at a specific rate
  • Since we know the percentage that Carbon-14 makes up in the living world, and we know the rate at which is decays into Nitrogen we can use math to calculate how long a given object has been out of the living ecosystem
Periodic table : rows
  • The table is organized into horizontal rows called periods that read from left to right, just like a book.
  • When there is a space in the middle, just jump across it as if you were reading around a picture inserted in the text on a page.
  • When you read a page in a book from left to right, you have to drop down a line to continue. The same is true for the periodic table.
  • Elements get heavier as you go across from left to right
  • Energy levels of the atoms correspond to the rows of the table
  • You are moving to a row of elements with another energy level for the atoms’ electrons to fill. This means that the top row has only one energy level. The second row (period) adds a level to have a total of two energy levels that the electrons must fill. The third period contains three energy levels for electrons, and so on.
    • 1st Row : 2 elements == 1st shell holds 2 electrons
    • 2nd Row : 8 elements == 2nd shell holds 8 electrons
What are orbitals?
  • We’ve all seen the nice neat little circles that we picture electrons in … it’s not quite like that
  • There are actually more like spheres, or not spherically shaped regions
  • At any given time, we can’t actually tell where an Electron is
  • So an orbital is a region in which the electron can probably be found.
  • Each of these ‘levels’ of electrons regions have very specific shapes
Energy Levels
  • Energy levels are built up from the level closest to the nucleus outward.
  • The most energy levels currently found in an atom of an element at this time is seven. We have seven periods in the periodic table (the two bottom rows are actually continuations of the 6th and 7th periods.) The period number is usually found to the left of the first element box for each row.
  • Hund’s rule states that each p orbital must receive one electron before any p orbital can receive a second filling electron.
    • “ Everybody gets one before anybody gets seconds. “
  • The process of filling in the electrons from the first, lowest energy level to the second, slightly higher energy level to the third, even higher energy level is called filling the electrons in by the Aufbau Principle.
    • Aufbau principle : start at the lowest energy level and build up to the higher energy levels only after the lowest are filled.
Periodic table : Columns
  • Groups are numbered according to several different conventions, but the most commonly accepted method is the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system
  • There are 18 vertical columns of varying length going across the table. These columns are commonly known as groups, or families of elements.
  • All elements in a column have similar chemical properties because each column has the same number of outer electrons, and it is the outer electrons (Valance Electrons) are involved in chemical reactions
Example – Water Molecule H2O
  • Hydrogen (H) : needs 1 electrons in outer shell to be stable
    • Cell 1 of 2 of it’s row; therefore has 1 electron in an outer shell capable of holding 2
  • Oxygen (O) : needs 2 electrons in outer shell to be stable
    • Cell 6 of 8 of it’s row; therefore has 6 electrons in an outer shell capable of holding 8
  • SO if you have 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen they can share valance electrons
  • Now all three elements have full (stable) outer shells
Column = Groups/Families
  • Column I A- Alkali Metals
    • The alkali metals are the most reactive of all of the metals. Adding them to water causes the hydrogen in the water to be released as a gas
  • Column II A- Alkaline Earths
    • alkaline earths become increasingly soluble with a decrease in temperature
  • Columns III B through I B – Transition elements
  • Column VII A – Halogens
    • Halogens form salts when they react with a metal. All of these elements exist as diatomic molecules in their gaseous state. This means that two atoms bond together to form a molecule of the gas.
  • Column 0 – Noble Gases
    • The noble gases are generally chemically inert,perceived lack of participation in any chemical reactions, and used in industry in arc welding, to dilute the oxygen in deep-sea divers’ gas tanks, and to fill light bulbs.
Mole
  • Obviously an atom is way too small for anyone to be able to accurately weigh one. There are no scales in the world sensitive enough to accomplish this. So scientists have come up with another method for measuring mass. They use the concept of a specific quantity, known as a mole, to compare the mass of different elements.
  • One mole of any substance is 6.023 X 1023 atoms or molecules of that substance. In this way, moles are a counting unit kind of like dozens. Just as there are 12 items in a dozen of anything, there are 6.023 x 1023 items in a mole.
  • By definition, a mole of any element is the amount of that element in the gaseous state at standard temperature and pressure occupying a volume of 22.4 liters.
  • For example, if we have a box of 12 golf balls and an identical size box of 12 ping-pong balls, we can figure out how much the mass of one golf ball is compared to a ping-pong ball. This would be its relative mass.
Online interactive Periodic table quiz/games
Fun and/or Interesting Video’s
Additional Resources
Articles

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