gravitational lensing – Jupiter Broadcasting https://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com Open Source Entertainment, on Demand. Wed, 26 Sep 2012 05:42:37 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=5.5.3 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/cropped-favicon-32x32.png gravitational lensing – Jupiter Broadcasting https://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com 32 32 iPhone Nurse & “Warp Drive” | SciByte 64 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/25081/iphone-nurse-warp-drive-scibyte-64/ Tue, 25 Sep 2012 21:23:12 +0000 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/?p=25081 We take a look at house calls for ear infections, ig-nobel awards, distant galaxies, UK's fireball, Alcubierre “Warp Drive", Curiosity updates and more!

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We take a look at house calls for ear infections, ig-nobel awards, distant galaxies, UK’s fireball, updates on the Jupiter Impact, Red Bull Stratos, the Shuttle Endeavour, Alcubierre “Warp Drive”, Curiosity updates and as always take a peek back into history and up in the sky this week.

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Show Notes

Is it an ear infection? There could be an app for that

  • An iPhone attachment designed for at-home diagnoses of ear infections
  • The low down
  • Pediatricians currently diagnose ear infections using the standard otoscope to examine the eardrum
  • With a new technology and an app parents could receive a diagnosis at home
  • Significance
  • With Remotoscope, parents would be able to take a picture or video of their child’s eardrum using the iPhone and send the images digitally to a physician for diagnostic review
  • Remotoscope’s clip-on attachment uses the iPhone’s camera and flash as the light source as well as a custom software app to provide magnification and record data to the phone
  • Current data transmission capabilities seamlessly send images and video to a doctor’s inbox or to the patient’s electronic medical record.
  • This system has the potential to save money for both families and healthcare systems,
  • Receiving serial images of a child’s ear over several days via the Remotoscope could allow physicians to wait and see if a child’s infection improves or whether antibiotics are warranted
  • Allowing physicians to implement the “watchful waiting” plan rather than prescribing antibiotics right away
  • Clinical trials for the Remotoscope is currently underway to see if the device can obtain images of the same diagnostic quality as what a physician sees with a traditional otoscope
  • A Emory medical student is recruiting families who come into the emergency department at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta hospitals for treatment of ear infection-type symptoms
  • Once a family agrees to be in the trial and the child has seen the emergency room doctor
  • Video is taken of the child’s ear with Remotoscope and a traditional otoscope linked to a computer.
  • A panel of physicians will review the quality of the samples, make a diagnosis from the Remotoscope video and see if it matches the original diagnosis by the ER doctor.
  • Parents are also being asked their opinions on using the device, so far the parents are saying that they would like to use it
  • Of Note
  • The Food and Drug Administration, through the Atlanta Pediatric Device Consortium, is partially funding the trial
  • Although they are not ready for consumer use they are hoping to publish the trial’s results by the end of the year
  • Multimedia
  • Remotoscope: Checking for Ear Infections From Home | GeorgiaTech
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • iPhone attachment designed for at-home diagnoses of ear infections | Medical/xpress

— NEWS BYTE —

Not the Nobel awards but the IG-Nobel awards

  • Ig-Nobel awards are prizes that are intended to celebrate the unusual, honor the imaginative
  • Psychology
  • “Leaning to the Left Makes the Eiffel Tower Seem Smaller”
  • Peace Prize
  • Converting old Russian ammunition into new diamonds.
  • Acoustics
  • SpeechJammer, disrupts a person’s speech, by making them hear their own spoken words at a very slight delay. (even at only a few hundred milliseconds)
  • Neuroscience
  • demonstrating that brain researchers, by using complicated instruments and simple statistics, that can see meaningful brain activity anywhere
  • Chemistry
  • For solving the puzzle of why, in certain houses in the town of Anderslöv, Sweden, people’s hair turned green.
  • Literature
  • The US Government General Accountability Office, for issuing a report about reports about reports that recommends the preparation of a report about the report about reports about reports.
  • Physics Prize
  • calculating the balance of forces that shape and move the hair in a human ponytail
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • the dynamics of liquid-sloshing, to learn what happens when a person walks while carrying a cup of coffee.
  • Multimedia
  • YouTube The 22nd First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony | ImprobableResearch
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • ImprobableResearch
  • Shut up! Speech jammer among 2012 Ig Nobel winners | Phys.org

An ancient galaxy

  • With the combined the power of NASA’s Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes as well as a cosmic magnification effect, a team of astronomers has spotted what could be the most distant galaxy ever detected.
  • The low down
  • Objects at these extreme distances are mostly beyond the detection sensitivity of today’s largest telescopes
  • For these objects have to rely on “gravitational lensing” (predicted by Albert Einstein a century ago) when the gravity of foreground objects warps and magnifies the light from background objects
  • In this case it brightening the remote object some 15 times and bringing it into view.
  • Significance
  • This galaxy is the most distant object we have ever observed with high confidence
  • The light from the galaxy came from when the 13.7-billion-year-old universe was just 500 million years old, or 3.6% it’s current age
  • The galaxy is small and compact, containing only about 1 percent of the Milky Way’s mass
  • This observation supports leading cosmological theories that the first galaxies should indeed have started out tiny, then progressively merged
  • Of Note
  • Future work involving this galaxy, as well as others like it that we hope to find, will allow us to study the universe’s earliest objects and how the Dark Ages ended
  • Astronomers plan to study the rise of the first stars and galaxies and the epoch of reionization with the successor to both Spitzer and Hubble, NASA’s James Webb Telescope, slated for launch in 2018
  • The newly described distant galaxy will likely be a prime target
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • Astrophysicists spy ultra-distant galaxy amidst cosmic ‘dark ages’ | Phys.org

— TWO-BYTE NEWS —

UK’s Sep 21st fireball

— Updates —

Sep 10th Jupiter Impact

Red Bull Stratos is targeting Oct. 8 for final record-breaking ‘flight’

– SPACECRAFT UPDATE –

Shuttle program

— VIEWER FEEDBACK —

Alcubierre “Warp Drive”

  • Thanks guys!
  • Ben Morse ‏@Benathon
  • Ted Hynes ‏@MrUnbridledMind
  • Last time on SciByte
  • Warp Drive | SciByte 15 [September 6, 2011]
  • The low down
  • The basic concept of the Alcubierre warp drive is to warp space and time around a ship was suggested in 1994 by Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre
  • It would cause space-time to warp around the starship, creating a region of contracted space in front of it and expanded space behind
  • While the starship itself would stay inside a bubble of flat space-time that wasn’t being warped
  • Calculations at the time found that such a device would require prohibitive amounts of energy.
  • Significance
  • Previous studies estimated the warp drive would require a minimum amount of energy about equal to the mass-energy of the planet Jupiter
  • Recently it was calculated what would happen if the shape of the ring encircling the spacecraft was adjusted into more of a rounded donut, as opposed to a flat ring
  • In those calculations the warp drive could be powered by a mass about the size of a spacecraft like the Voyager 1
  • Of Note
  • If the intensity of the space warps can be oscillated over time then the energy required is reduced even more
  • Although the basic concept is still impractical these new calculations make it more plausible and worth further investigation
  • Scientists have already begun experimenting with a mini version of the warp drive in their laboratory.
  • They are hoping to generate a very tiny instance of this in a tabletop experiment, to try to perturb space-time by one part in 10 million
  • Further Reading / In the News
  • Warp Drive May Be More Feasible Than Thought, Scientists Say | Space.com
  • The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity | IOPSciece

– CURIOSITY UPDATE –

SCIENCE CALENDAR

Looking back

  • Sep 28, 1858 | 154 years ago : 1st Picture of a comet : Donati’s comet (discovered by Giovanni Donati, 1826–1873) became the first to be photographed. It was a bright comet that developed a spectacular curved dust trail with two thin gas tails, captured by an English commercial photographer, William Usherwood, using a portrait camera at a low focal ratio. At Harvard, W.C. Bond, attempted an image on a collodion plate the following night, but the comet shows only faintly and no tail can be seen. Bond was subsequently able to evaluate the image on Usherwood’s plate. The earliest celestial daguerreotypes were made in 1850–51, though after the Donati comet, no further comet photography took place until 1881, when P.J.C. Janssen and J.W. Draper took the first generally recognized photographs of a comet

Looking up this week

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]]> Dark Matter | SciByte 3 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/9221/dark-matter-scibyte-3/ Tue, 07 Jun 2011 20:32:00 +0000 https://original.jupiterbroadcasting.net/?p=9221 We take a look dark matter and dark energy, why some scientists still believe they exist, where the theories came from, and how they affect the universe.

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This week on SciByte …
We take a look dark matter and dark energy, why even though we can’t see them directly some scientists still believe they exist, where the theories for them came from, what they are, and how they affect the universe.

We’ll also take a look at a few satellites and studies looking for either direct or in-direct evidence of these mysterious phenomenon.

All that and more, on SciBye!

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Show Notes:

Fritz Zwicky  

  • Found a total of 120 supernovae, over a stretch of 52 years.  Involved in using Tpe 1A supernovae as ‘standard’ candles.  In 1937 posited that galaxy clusters could act as gravitational lenses like previously discovered Einstein effect, confirmed in 1979.
  • The first person to provide evidence and infer the presence of dark matter
  • Virial Theorem – for a stable, self-gravitating, spherical distribution of equal mass objects (stars, galaxies, etc), the total kinetic energy of the objects is equal to minus 1/2 times the total gravitational potential energy. In other words, the potential energy must equal the kinetic energy, within a factor of two.

Dark Matter

  • most stars in spiral galaxies orbit at roughly the same speed which suggest that either Newtonian gravity does not apply universally or that, conservatively, upwards of 50% of the mass of galaxies was contained in the relatively dark galactic halo [stars and globular clusters surrounding the galaxy]
  • Astrophysicists predicted the mass would be low in density, but high in temperature (~million degrees Celsius)
  • Theory states there should be about double the amount of matter in the local Universe compared to what is observed
  • the majority of this missing mass should be located in large-scale cosmic structures called filaments – a bit like thick shoelaces
  • “Through A Universe Darkly” – A Cosmic Tale of Ancient Ethers, Dark Matter, and the Fate of the Universe

Dark Energy

  • Edwin Hubble first noticed that the Universe was actually expanding, in 1932.
  • Believed to be behind the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe
  • Visual representation of the expansion of the Universe
  • Is Einstein’s vision of gravity, general relativity, incorrect on large cosmological scales?
  • Does “empty space” possess its own energy?

Measuring the Expansion of the Universe [ Hubble constant, or H0 ]

  • Named after Edwin Hubble who first measured the expansion of the universe nearly a century ago
  • Einsteins ‘biggest blunder’ not actually a blunder
  • Type Ia supernovae : produces consistent peak luminosity because of the uniform mass of white dwarfs that explode via the accretion mechanism
  • Cepheid variable stars are the backbone of the distance ladder because their pulsation periods, which are easily observed, correlate directly with their luminosities
  • Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), two of the nearby satellite galaxies of our own Milky Way Galaxy, since they contain large number of Cepheids, they can be used to calibrate the distance scale
  • Redshift / Blueshift : How fast are things moving away from us? [Red=away]

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

  • Cosmic Background Radiation Image
  • The radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. (first observed in 1965)
  • properties of the radiation contain a wealth of information about physical conditions in the early universe and a great deal of effort has gone into measuring those properties since its discovery.
  • The hot spots and cold spots, which differ in temperature by only millionths of a degree, can be interpreted as very slight differences in the crowding together of matter in the young universe. Hot spots had slightly more matter than average; cold spots a bit less

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

  • 3D model [proposed to NASA in 1995, launched in 2001]
  • cooled microwave radiometers measure the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation over the full sky
  • Measuring the temperature of the microwave sky to an accuracy of one millionth of a degree revealing conditions as they existed in the early universe
  • using differences in temperature measured from opposite directions (anisotropy).
  • Orbits at Lagrange point 2 :provides for a very stable thermal environment and near 100% observing efficiency since the Sun, Earth, and Moon are always behind the instrument’s field of view

Anisotropy

  • property of being directionally dependent
  • defined as a difference, when measured along different axes, in a material’s physical or mechanical properties [light coming through a polarizer]

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe results

  • Complete census of the universe finds that dark matter (not made up of atoms) make up 23.3% (to within 1.3%)
  • Accuracy and precision determined that dark energy makes up 72.1% of the universe (to within 1.5%), causing the expansion rate of the universe to speed up.
  • making accurate measurements of the cosmic microwave background fluctuations, WMAP is able to measure the basic parameters of the Big Bang model including the density and composition of the universe
  • Microwave light seen by WMAP from when the universe was only 380,000 years old, shows that, at the time, neutrinos made up 10% of the universe, atoms 12%, dark matter 63%, photons 15%, and dark energy was negligible. In contrast, estimates from WMAP data show the current universe consists of 4.6% percent atoms, 23% dark matter, 72% dark energy and less than 1 percent neutrinos.
  • Mapped the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation (the oldest light in the universe)
  • WMAP definitively determined the age of the universe to be 13.73 billion years old to within 1% (0.12 billion years)
  • Reported the first direct detection of pre-stellar helium, providing an important test of the big bang prediction. [Jan26, 2010]
  • Nailed down the curvature of space to within 1% of “flat” Euclidean
  • Started to sort through the possibilities of what transpired in the first trillionth of a trillionth of a second, ruling out well-known textbook models for the first time

Australian Student Uncovers the Universe’s Missing Mass

  • Conducted a targeted X-ray search for the hidden matter and within just three months made a very exciting discovery
  • Dark Matter theories have been based solely on numerical models

WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey

  • Einstein Confirmed Again: Dark Energy Present In The Universe
  • Firstly, observed how dark energy opposes gravity by speeding up the overall rate of expansion of the Universe
  • Secondly, observed how dark energy opposes gravity by slowing down the growth of clusters and superclusters with time
  • mapped the distribution of galaxies over an unprecedented volume of the Universe
  • WiggleZ scientists have made a 3-D map of more than 150,000 galaxies near and far to trace the universe’s evolution over time
  • 10min Podcast on WiggleZ

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